1. Gushushanya
-Ibisobanuro: Gushushanya ni ijambo rusange rivuga ibikorwa bikorerwa mu gukora firime yo gusiga hakoreshejwe irangi hagamijwe gutwikira ubuso bw'ikintu kugira ngo kirindwe kandi gise neza, nibindi.
-Intego: Intego yo gushushanya si ukureba gusa, ahubwo ni no kurinda no kunoza ireme ry'ibicuruzwa.
1) Uburinzi: Ibikoresho byinshi by'ingenzi bigize imodoka ni ibyuma, kandi iyo imodoka ikozwe mu cyuma nk'igipfundikizo, ihura n'ubushuhe cyangwa ogisijeni mu kirere ikabyara ingese. Intego ikomeye yo gusiga irangi ni ukurinda ikintu mu gukumira ingese nk'izo.
2) Ubwiza: Imiterere y'imodoka ifite ubwoko butandukanye bw'ubuso n'imirongo nko ku mpande eshatu, ubuso burambuye, ubuso bugoramye, imirongo igororotse, n'imirongo igororotse. Mu gushushanya ikintu nk'iki gifite imiterere igoye, bigaragaza ibara rijyanye n'imiterere y'imodoka kandi rigatuma ubwiza bw'imodoka burushaho kuba bwiza icyarimwe.
3) Kunoza isoko: Muri iki gihe, hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'imodoka ku isoko, ariko muri zo, iyo ugereranije imodoka zifite imiterere imwe kandi zikora kimwe, urugero, iy'irangi ry'amabara abiri isa neza kurushaho. Agaciro karazamuka kuko muri ubu buryo, ni imwe mu ntego zo kugerageza kunoza agaciro k'ibicuruzwa binyuze mu gusiga amarangi. Byongeye kandi, kuramba kw'inyuma y'imodoka birakenewe bitewe n'impinduka ziheruka kugaragara mu bidukikije. Urugero, gukenera amarangi mato mato arinda kwangirika kw'agapira gaterwa n'imvura ivanze n'imvura ndetse no kwangirika k'ubushyuhe bwo koza imodoka mu buryo bwikora biriyongera, bityo bigatuma isoko rirushaho kwiyongera.Gusiga amarangi byikora no gusiga amarangi n'intoki byombi bikoreshwa bitewe n'ubuziranenge bw'ipasi.
2. Imiterere y'irangi: Ibigize irangi Irangi ni amazi afite imiterere y’uruvange aho ibice bitatu bya irangi, resin, na solvent bivangwa neza (bitandukanyijwe).
- Ibara: Ifu y'amabara idashonga mu bintu bishongesha cyangwa mu mazi. Itandukaniro riva ku marangi ni uko atatanywa nk'uduce tudashonga mu mazi cyangwa mu bintu bishongesha. Ingano y'uduce iri hagati ya mikorometero nyinshi na mikorometero icumi. Byongeye kandi, hariho imiterere itandukanye, nk'ishusho y'uruziga, imiterere y'agati, imiterere y'urushinge, n'imiterere y'uduce duto. Ni ifu (ifu) itanga ibara (imbaraga zo gusiga irangi) n'imbaraga zo guhisha (ubushobozi bwo gutwikira no guhisha ubuso bw'ikintu mu kuba budasobanutse) ku firime yo gusiga, kandi hari ubwoko bubiri: inorganic na organic. Ibara (pigment), gusiga irangi, n'amabara yo kugabanya irangi akoreshwa mu kunoza imiterere y'ubutaka. Amarangi adafite ibara kandi abonerana yitwa asobanutse mu marangi, iyo amarangi adakuwe mu bice bigize amarangi,
Ikoreshwa kugira ngo ipfundikizo ry'ipamba rirusheho kugaragara.
1) Imikorere y'ibara
* Amabara y'amabara: atanga ibara, ahisha imbaraga
genda. Amabara y’ibinyabutabire: Aya ni amabara asanzwe cyane cyane nk’umweru, umuhondo, n’umukara w’umutuku. Ni imvange y’icyuma nka zinc, titanium, icyuma cy’ubutare, umuringa, n’ibindi. Muri rusange, afite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ikirere no kwirinda ubushyuhe, ariko ku bijyanye n’ubushyuhe bw’amabara, ntabwo ari meza nk’amabara y’ibinyabutabire. Nk’irangi ry’imodoka, ibara ry’ibinyabutabire ryonyine ntirikoreshwa. Byongeye kandi, mu rwego rwo gukumira ihumana ry’ibidukikije, amabara arimo ibyuma bikomeye nka cadmium na chromium ntabwo akoreshwa ubu.
wowe. Ibara ry'umwimerere: Rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa organic synthesis hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "periodic chemical reaction", kandi ni ikintu gikozwe mu byuma cyangwa uko biri mu miterere yabyo. Muri rusange, ubwihisho bwabyo si bwiza cyane, ariko kubera ko haboneka ibara risobanutse neza, rikoreshwa cyane mu gushushanya neza ibara rikomeye, ibara ry'icyuma, n'ibara rya mica nk'irangi ry'inyuma y'imodoka.
* Ibara rirwanya ingese: kwirinda ingese
* Ibara ry'umurambararo: Hari agapira gakomeye gashobora kuboneka, karinda kubora kw'agapira kandi kagakomeza kuramba.
- Resin: Ni amazi abonerana ahuza ibara n'ibara kandi agatanga ububengerane, gukomera, no gufatana n'ifiriti yo gusiga. Irindi zina ryitwa umugozi. Imiterere y'umuvuduko w'ifiriti yo gusiga n'uburambe bw'ifiriti yo gusiga biterwa cyane n'imiterere y'ifiriti.
1) Resin karemano: Ikurwa cyangwa igakurwa mu bimera ahanini kandi ikoreshwa mu gusiga amarangi nka varnish ishingiye ku mavuta, varnish, na lacquer.
2) Resine y’ubukonje: Ni ijambo rusange rikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu binyuze mu buryo bw’imiti buva mu bikoresho by’ibanze bitandukanye. Ni ikintu cy’umwimerere gifite uburemere bunini cyane bw’imiti ugereranije n’imiti karemano. Byongeye kandi, resine y’ubukonje igabanyijemo resine za thermoplastic (zoroshya kandi zigashonga iyo zishyushye) na resine zishyiraho thermosetting (zikomera bitewe n’uburyo bw’imiti binyuze mu gushyiramo ubushyuhe, kandi ntizoroha cyangwa ngo zishonge nubwo zashyushye nyuma yo gukonjesha).
- Umushongi: Ni amazi abonerana ashongesha resin ku buryo ibara n'iresin bivangwa byoroshye. Nyuma yo gusiga irangi, irahinduka nk'ikintu gito kandi ntiguma kuri firime yo gusiga.
Cgushushanya
1. Incamake n'ibisobanuro by'amarangi: Mu rwego rwo gutanga 'kwirinda ingese (kurwanya ingese)' n''imiterere myiza y'ubwiza', amarangi y'imodoka yagize uruhare mu kunoza isoko ry'imodoka binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry'icyo gihe. Mu bintu bikurikira byiza, amarangi n'uburyo bwo gusiga byagenewe kugera kuri ubu buryo bwo gusiga ku buryo buhendutse cyane.
Muri rusange amarangi ashobora gutemba kandi afite imiterere yo gusigwa ku buso bw'ikintu kigomba gusigwa no gukora agace gahoraho (agace gasiga) binyuze mu buryo bwo kumisha no gukosora. Dukurikije imiterere y'umubiri n'imiti ya gace gasiga gakozwe muri ubu buryo, 'kwirinda ingese' na 'plastike' bishyirwa ku kintu kigomba gusigwa.
2. Uburyo bwo gusiga amarangi ku modoka: Kugira ngo imodoka igenewe ihabwe ireme ry’ipamba ku buryo buhendutse cyane, hashyizweho uburyo bwo gusiga n’ibipimo byo gusiga, kandi buri bwiza bw’ingenzi buhabwa ipamba ryabonetse muri buri gikorwa. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko imiterere y’ipamba iterwa n’uburyo bwiza n’ububi bw’igikorwa, irangi rikoreshwa muri buri gikorwa ryakozwe ku buryo imikorere y’ingenzi yagenwe ishobora kongerwamo imbaraga bitewe n’imiterere y’igikorwa.Gukoresha bigenzurwa cyane mu irangi.
Uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru ni uburyo bwo gusiga amabara atatu cyangwa 4 bukunze gukoreshwa mu gusiga amabara yo hanze y'imodoka, kandi firime yo gusiga ikorwa muri buri buryo igaragaza imikorere izasobanurwa nyuma kandi igashyiraho ubwiza bw'amabara y'imodoka nk'uburyo bwuzuye bwo gusiga amabara. Mu makamyo n'imodoka zoroheje, hari aho uburyo bwo gusiga amabara abiri aho intambwe yo hagati ivanwa mu ntambwe yo gusiga amabara ikoreshwa. Nanone, mu modoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, birashoboka kugera ku bwiza bwiza ukoresheje ibara ryo hagati cyangwa ryo hejuru kabiri.
Nanone, vuba aha, inzira yo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gusiga irangi binyuze mu guhuza inzira zo gusiga irangi zo hagati n’izo hejuru yizwe kandi ishyirwa mu bikorwa.
- Uburyo bwo gutunganya hejuru: Binoza uburyo bwo gukumira ingese binyuze mu gukumira ingaruka z'ingese mu byuma no gukomeza gufatana hagati y'igitambaro cyo munsi (electrodeposition film) n'ibikoresho (substrate). Muri iki gihe, fosfeti ya zinc ni yo gice cy'ingenzi cya firime, kandi uburyo bwo kuyisukura ni bwo busanzwe kugira ngo ibashe gutunganya neza ibice bifite imiterere igoye. By'umwihariko, kuri cationic electrodeposition, ibyuma nka Fe, Ni, na Mn bitari Zn bivangwa mu gitambaro kugira ngo birusheho kunoza uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese.
- Gusiga irangi ry'amashanyarazi (primer ya electrodeposition primer): Gusiga irangi ry'amashanyarazi munsi y'ubutaka bifitanye isano ahanini n'umurimo wo gukumira ingese. Uretse kuba bifite imiterere myiza yo kurwanya ingese, irangi ry'amashanyarazi rya cationic rishingiye kuri epoxy resin rifite ibyiza bikurikira mu gusiga irangi ry'imodoka munsi y'ubutaka. ① Nta firime ya zinc phosphate ivanyweho mu gihe cyo gusiga irangi ry'amashanyarazi. ② Ingaruka zo gukumira ingese bitewe n'imiterere ya resin ③ Imiterere myiza yo kurwanya ingese bitewe n'ingaruka zo kugumana irangi ry'amashanyarazi bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bwinshi bwa epoxy resin.
1) Ibyiza byo gushyira electrode ya cationic mu mwanya wayo
* Ndetse n'imiterere igoye ishobora gusigwa n'ubugari bwa firime imwe
* Injira neza imbere mu bice bigoye no mu ngingo.
* Gusiga irangi mu buryo bwikora
* Kubungabunga no gucunga umurongo byoroshye.
* Gukoresha irangi neza.
* Uburyo bwo koza amazi bwa UF bushobora gukoreshwa (gutakaza irangi buhoro buhoro no kwanduza amazi mabi)
* Ingano nke y'ibinyabutabire n'umwuka uhumanya ikirere ni muto.
* Ni irangi rikozwe mu mazi, kandi nta ngaruka nyinshi zishobora guterwa n'inkongi.
2) Irangi rya Cationic electrodeposition: Muri rusange, ni polyamino resin iboneka iyo wongeyeho amines za quaternary muri epoxy resin. Irangizwa na aside (aside acetic) kugira ngo ishobore gushonga mu mazi. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gusiga irangi ni ubwoko bwa urethane crosslinking reaction hakoreshejwe Blocked Isocyanate nk'ikintu gikuraho.
3) Kunoza imikorere y'irangi rikoreshwa mu gushyiraho electrode: Rikwirakwira ku isi yose nk'ikoti ry'imodoka, ariko ubushakashatsi n'iterambere bikomeje kunoza ubwiza bw'imodoka yose ndetse n'ubwiza bw'aho irangi rishyirwa.
* Igikorwa cyo gukumira ingese/urwego rwo kurinda
genda. Imiterere y'igitambaro rwose, kudashyira ingingo mu mwanya wazo, kudashyira mu mwanya wazo
wowe. Ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese mu byuma (gufatana kw'icyuma kidatwarwa n'amazi, kudasimbuka)
gukora. Gukomera mu bushyuhe buke (Kurwanya ingese neza ibice bifatanye na rubber, nibindi)
* Imikorere yo kwisiga/imitako
genda. Imiterere yo gusiga icyuma gikozwe mu buryo buteye ubwoba (bifasha mu kunoza uburyo bworoshye n'ububengerane, nibindi)
wowe. Kurwanya umuhondo (kubuza ko ikoti ry'umweru rihinduka umuhondo)
- Ikoti ryo hagati: Ikoti ryo hagati rigira uruhare rw'inyongera mu kongera imikorere yo gukumira ingese y'ikoti ryo munsi (electrodeposition) n'imikorere yo gusigwa kw'ikoti ryo hejuru, kandi rifite inshingano yo kunoza ireme ry'irangi ry'uburyo bwose bwo gusiga amarangi. Byongeye kandi, inzira yo gusiga amarangi yo hagati irimo gufasha mu kugabanya inenge zo gusiga kuko itwikira inenge zitarindwa z'ikoti ryo munsi (imishinyaguro, gufatana kw'umukungugu, nibindi) ku rugero runaka mu murongo nyirizina w'ikarita.
Irangi ryo hagati ni ubwoko bukoresha resin ya polyester idafite amavuta nk'iresin y'ibanze kandi ikayivura ubushyuhe binyuze mu gushyiramo resin ya melamine na urethane (Bl). Mu minsi ishize, kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo guhangana n'impinduka, primer yo gupfundika rimwe na rimwe iratwikirwa n'amazi ku mazi hagati mbere yo kuyatunganya.
1) Kuramba kw'uruhu rwo hagati
* Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi: igabanya ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amazi no gukumira uduheri
* Ubudahangarwa bwo gukata: Ifata ingufu z'ingufu iyo ibuye ritewe kandi ikagabanya kwangirika kw'agapira gatwikira bigatera urusaku kandi igahagarika kubaho kwangirika kw'igisebe.
* Ubudahangarwa bw'ikirere: Bigabanya kwangirika bitewe n'imirasire ya UV, kandi bigabanya gushishwa kw'inyuma kw'ijisho.
2) Imikorere yo gusigwa kw'igitambaro cyo hagati
* Imiterere yo gusiga munsi y'urupapuro: Bifasha mu koroshya inyuma irangiye binyuze mu gutwikira ubuso bw'urupapuro rwometseho electrodeposition
* Ubudahangarwa bw'imitako: Mu gukumira kubyimba no gushonga kw'agahu k'imbere ugereranyije n'umutako w'agahu k'imbere, haboneka ubwiza bwo kugaragara neza.
* Guhindura ibara: Uruhu rwo hagati rukunze kuba imvi, ariko vuba aha birashoboka gushyiramo agapira ko hejuru gafite ubushobozi bwo kudahisha neza ukoresheje irangi (icyuma gifunga amabara).
3) Irangi ryo hagati
*Ubwiza bukenewe ku gipfundikizo cyo hagati: ubushobozi bwo gucikamo ibice, ubushobozi bwo guhisha hasi, gufatana na filime yo gushyiramo electrode, uburyo bworoshye, kudatakaza urumuri, gufatana na top coat, kudatakaza urumuri
- Topcoat: Akamaro gakomeye k'topcoat ni ugutanga imiterere myiza y'ubwiza no kuyirinda no kuyibungabunga. Hari ibintu byiza nk'amabara, ubushyuhe bw'ubuso, ubwiza bw'ishusho, n'ubushobozi bw'ishusho (ubushobozi bwo kumurika neza ishusho y'ikintu kiri muri filime yo gusiga). Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo kurinda no kubungabunga ubwiza bw'imodoka nk'izo igihe kirekire burakenewe kuri topcoat.
- Topcoat: Akamaro gakomeye k'topcoat ni ugutanga imiterere myiza y'ubwiza no kuyirinda no kuyibungabunga. Hari ibintu byiza nk'amabara, ubushyuhe bw'ubuso, ubwiza bw'ishusho, n'ubushobozi bw'ishusho (ubushobozi bwo kumurika neza ishusho y'ikintu kiri muri filime yo gusiga). Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo kurinda no kubungabunga ubwiza bw'imodoka nk'izo igihe kirekire burakenewe kuri topcoat.
1) Ibara ryo hejuru: Amabara ashyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibara ry’ibanze rishyirwa ku irangi, kandi ahanini rigabanyijemo ibara rya mica, ibara ry’icyuma n’ibara rikomeye bitewe n’uko ibara ry’udusimba nk’udusimba twa aluminiyumu rikoreshwa.
* Ubwiza bw'isura: uburyohe, ubwiza, urumuri, kumva neza ubutaka
* Kuramba: kubungabunga no kurinda ibara ry'urumuri, guhindura ibara, gucika intege
* Gufata: Gufata neza, gufata neza imiterere ibiri, gufata neza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo hagati
* Ubudahangarwa bw'ibintu bishongesha
* Ubudahangarwa bw'imiti
* Ubwiza bw'imikorere: kurwanya gukaraba imodoka, kurwanya aside imvura, kurwanya gucika kw'imitsi
2) Irangi ririnda ibidukikije
* Ifite Ingufu Nyinshi: Iri ni irangi rifite Ingufu Nyinshi rihuza n’amabwiriza ya VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), kandi ni ubwoko bugabanya ingano y’umusemburo w’umwimerere ukoreshwa. Rirangwa no kumva neza ubutaka no gukoresha resin ifite uburemere buke bwa molekile.
* Ubwoko bwa Bome y'amazi (irangi rishingiye ku mazi): Iri ni irangi rigabanya ingano y'umushongi w'ibinyabuzima ukoreshwa kandi rigakoresha amazi (amazi meza) nk'umushongi woroshye irangi. Nk'ikimenyetso, igikoresho cyo gushyushya mbere (IR_Preheat) gishobora gushonga amazi kirakenewe mu gihe cyo gusiga irangi, bityo kuvugurura ikigo birakenewe, kandi imashini itera irangi ikenera uburyo bwa electrode bwo gukoresha irangi rishingiye ku mazi.
3) Irangi rikora neza
* CCS (Complex Crosslinking System, irangi rigoye ryo mu bwoko bwa crosslinking): Ni ubwoko bwa urethane (isocyanate) cyangwa silane resin aho igice cya melamine resin, gishobora kwibasirwa n'imvura ya aside muri sisitemu ya acrylic/melamine resin, gisimburwa, kandi aside resistance na scratch resistance birushaho kwiyongera.
* NCS (Sisitemu Nshya yo Guhuza, Irangi Rishya ry'Ubwoko bwo Guhuza): Irangi ridafite melamine rikorwa na aside-epoxy curing kuri acrylic resin. Rifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya aside, rirwanya gushwaragurika, kandi rirwanya ibara.
- Gukoresha neza irangi ryo hejuru: Kugira ngo irangi rikore neza kandi ritagabanyije ubwiza, ni ngombwa gukora neza irangi (atomu, gutemba neza, umwobo wo ku ruhande, uburyo bworoshye, nibindi). Kuri ibi, ni ngombwa guhindura imiterere y'ubushyuhe mu buryo bwo gukora filime nyinshi kuva ku gusiga irangi kugeza ku guteka no gukomera. Imiterere y'ahantu ho gusiga irangi nk'ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, n'umuvuduko w'umuyaga w'aho gusiga irangi nabyo ni ibintu by'ingenzi.
1) Uburemere bwa resin: uburemere bwa molekile, ubwuzuzanye (ikimenyetso cy'ubushonge: agaciro ka SP)
2) Ibara: gukurura amavuta, ingano y'ibara (PWC), ingano y'uduce dutatanye
3) Inyongeramusaruro: ikintu gitera uburyaryate, ikintu gitera uburinganire, ikintu gikuraho ibara, ikintu kibuza gutandukanya amabara, nibindi.
4) Umuvuduko wo kuvura: ubwinshi bw'amatsinda y'imikorere muri resin y'ibanze, uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bihuza
Byongeye kandi, ubugari bw'icyuma gikingira bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ishusho irangiye y'icyuma cyo hejuru. Vuba aha, icyuma gikingira imiterere nka microgel gituma bishoboka kugera ku miterere yoroshye gutemba no kugabanya imiterere, kandi ishusho irangiye irushaho kunozwa no gutwikira icyuma kinini.
Ese?
- Ubudahangarwa bw'ikirere ku biti byo hejuru: Nubwo imodoka zigaragara ahantu hatandukanye, ibiti byo hejuru bifata urumuri, amazi, ogisijeni, ubushyuhe, nibindi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hari ibintu byinshi bibi bibaho bibangamira ubwiza bw'ibiti.
1) Ibintu bigaragarira amaso
* Kwangirika k'urumuri: Ubuso bw'urumuri rwa firime yo gusiga burangirika, kandi urumuri ruturuka ku buso rukazamuka. Imiterere ya resin ni ingenzi, ariko hari n'ingaruka z'irangi.
* Guhinduka kw'ibara: Ibara ry'ibara ry'ibara ry'ibanze rihinduka bitewe n'uko ibara cyangwa resin ishaje mu ifiriti itwikiriye. Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'imodoka, hagomba gutoranywa ibara ridashobora kwihanganira ikirere.
2) ibintu bifatika bya tekiniki
* Uduce: Uduce tuba mu gice cyo hejuru cy’urupapuro cyangwa mu gice cyose cyo hejuru bitewe n’impinduka mu miterere y’urupapuro rwo hejuru bitewe no gusiga cyangwa gushonga (kugabanuka k’uburebure, gufatana, nibindi) ndetse n’ingufu z’imbere. By’umwihariko, bikunze kubaho mu gice cyo hejuru cy’urupapuro rwo hejuru gifite icyuma, kandi uretse guhindura imiterere y’urupapuro rwo hejuru rw’urupapuro rwo hejuru rw’ibigize resin ya acrylic no guhindura imiterere y’urupapuro rwo hejuru, gukoresha umuti ufata imirasire ya ultraviolet na antioxydant biragira akamaro.
* Gukuramo: Agace k'imvange gakuramo igice bitewe no kugabanuka k'uburyo agace k'imvange gafatana cyangwa kugabanuka k'imiterere y'imitsi, ndetse n'imikorere y'ingufu zo hanze nko gusukamo amabuye cyangwa kunyeganyega.
3) ibintu bikomoka ku binyabutabire
* Kwanduza ibara: Iyo ifu y'umukara, intumbi z'udukoko, cyangwa imvura ya aside bifashe ku buso bw'agapira ko gusiga, igice gihinduka ibara kandi kigahinduka utudomo. Ni ngombwa gushyira ibara ry'umukara n'umukara mu buryo burwanya aside. Imwe mu mpamvu ituma ibara ry'umukara rishyirwa ku ibara ry'icyuma ni ukurinda ifu ya aluminiyumu.
- Imbogamizi z'igihe kizaza ku bijyanye n'imyambaro yo hejuru: Imiterere n'imiterere y'imodoka bigenda birushaho kuba ingenzi mu kunoza imiterere y'ubucuruzi bw'imodoka. Mu gihe habayeho gutandukana kw'ibikenewe n'impinduka mu bikoresho nka pulasitiki, ni ngombwa gusubiza ibibazo by'imibereho nko kwangirika kw'ibidukikije by'imodoka no kugabanya ihumana ry'ikirere. Muri ibi bihe, harimo gusuzumwa imyenda itandukanye yo hejuru ku modoka itaha.
Reka turebere hamwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gusiga amarangi ku modoka, turebe aho ubushyuhe n'ubwikorezi bw'ibintu ari ingenzi. Uburyo rusange bwo gusiga amarangi ku modoka ni ubu bukurikira.
① Kuvurwa mbere
② Gushyiramo amashanyarazi (ikoti ry'imbere)
③ Irangi ry'ibifunga
④ Gupfuka munsi y'igitambaro
⑤ irangi rya shashi
⑥ Igikoresho cyo Kurwanya Chip
⑦ Igikoresho cyo hejuru
⑧ Ikoti ryo hejuru
⑨ Gukuraho no gusiga neza inenge
Igikorwa cyo gukora imodoka kimara amasaha agera kuri 20, muri yo amasaha 10, ni ukuvuga kimwe cya kabiri, igikorwa cyavuzwe haruguru kimara amasaha agera kuri 10. Muri byo, ibikorwa by'ingenzi kandi by'ingenzi ni ugutegura mbere y'igihe, gusiga irangi rya electrodeposition (gusiga irangi munsi y'ikoti), gusiga irangi rya primer, no gusiga irangi hejuru. Reka twibande kuri izi nzira.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-08-2022
