Iyo ubonye imodoka, icya mbere ushobora kubona ni ibara ry'umubiri. Muri iki gihe, kugira irangi ryiza rirabagirana ni kimwe mu bipimo ngenderwaho mu gukora imodoka. Ariko mu myaka irenga ijana ishize, gusiga irangi imodoka ntibyari byoroshye, kandi ntibyari byiza cyane ugereranyije n'uko bimeze ubu. Ni gute irangi ry'imodoka ryahindutse kugeza aho rigeze ubu? Surley azakubwira amateka y'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga irangi ry'imodoka.
Amasegonda icumi yo gusobanukirwa inyandiko yose:
1,Lacqueryaturutse mu Bushinwa, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba byayoboye nyuma y'impinduramatwara y'inganda.
2, Irangi ry'ibikoresho bisanzwe riruma buhoro buhoro, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'ikorwa ry'imodoka, DuPont yavumbuye uburyo bwo kumisha vubairangi rya nitro.
3, Imbunda zitera umwandaisimbura uburoso, igatanga irangi ringana.
4, Kuva kuri alkyd kugeza kuri acrylic, gushakisha uburyo bwo kuramba no gutandukana birakomeje.
5, Kuva ku "gutera" kugeza ku "gusiga irangi"Hamwe no koga irangi rya lacquer, gukomeza gukurikirana ireme ry'irangi biza mu bijyanye no gushyira fosfati mu mwanya wa electrode.
6, Gusimbuza nairangi rishingiye ku mazimu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije.
7, Ubu no mu gihe kizaza, ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya ririmo kugenda rirushaho kuba rirenze ubushobozi bwo gutekereza,nubwo nta irangi.
Akamaro gakomeye k'irangi ni ukurwanya gusaza
Abantu benshi babona akamaro k'irangi ari uguha ibintu amabara meza cyane, ariko mu rwego rw'inganda, ibara mu by'ukuri ni ikintu cya kabiri gikenewe; ingese no kurwanya gusaza ni yo ntego nyamukuru. Kuva mu ntangiriro z'uruvange rw'ibyuma n'ibiti kugeza ku mubiri w'umweru w'icyuma wo muri iki gihe, umubiri w'imodoka ukeneye irangi nk'urwego rwo kurinda. Ingorane urwego rw'irangi rugomba guhura na zo ni ukwangirika no gucika nk'izuba, umucanga n'imvura, kwangirika kw'umubiri nko gushwanyagurika, gukurura no kugongana, ndetse n'isuri nk'umunyu n'amase y'inyamaswa. Mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya, inzira iri kugenda itera imbere buhoro buhoro uruhu rwiza kandi ruramba kandi rwiza kugira ngo umubiri uhangane neza n'ibi bibazo.
Lacquer yo mu Bushinwa
Lacquer imaze igihe kirekire cyane, kandi ikibabaje ni uko umwanya ukomeye mu ikoranabuhanga rya lacquer wari uw'Ubushinwa mbere y'impinduramatwara y'inganda. Gukoresha lacquer byatangiye mu gihe cya Neolithic, kandi nyuma y'igihe cy'Intambara, abanyabukorikori bakoresheje amavuta ya tung yakuwe mu mbuto z'igiti cya tung bongeramo lacquer karemano kugira ngo bakore uruvange rw'amarangi, nubwo icyo gihe lacquer yari ikintu cy'agaciro ku banyacyubahiro. Nyuma y'ishyirwaho ry'ingoma ya Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang yatangiye gushinga inganda za leta zikora lacquer, kandi ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga irangi ryateye imbere vuba. Igikorwa cya mbere cy'Abashinwa ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga irangi, "Igitabo cyo Gusiga Irangi", cyakusanyijwe na Huang Cheng, umuhinzi wa lacquer mu ngoma ya Ming. Kubera iterambere rya tekiniki n'ubucuruzi bw'imbere mu gihugu no hanze, lacquer yari imaze guteza imbere uburyo bw'inganda zikora imirimo y'ubukorikori mu ngoma ya Ming.
Irangi ry’amavuta ya tung rihambaye cyane ryo mu gihe cya Ming Dynasty ryari ingenzi mu gukora amato. Intiti y’Umunya-Esipanye yo mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu, Mendoza, yavuze mu gitabo "Amateka y’Ubwami Bukuru bw’Ubushinwa" ko amato y’Abashinwa yasizwe amavuta ya tung yari afite igihe cyo kumara inshuro ebyiri ugereranije n’amato y’i Burayi.
Hagati mu kinyejana cya 18, Uburayi bwaje gukata no kumenya ikoranabuhanga ry’irangi ry’amavuta ya tung, maze inganda z’irangi zo mu Burayi zitangira gukora buhoro buhoro. Amavuta ya tung, uretse gukoreshwa mu gushushanya lacquer, yari n’ibikoresho by’ingenzi ku zindi nganda, yari akiri iyacungwa n’Ubushinwa, kandi yabaye ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu nganda mu mpinduramatwara ebyiri z’inganda kugeza mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20, ubwo ibiti bya tung byaterwaga muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru n’Amajyepfo byatangiraga gukora, ibyo bikaba byarasenye ubwigenge bw’Ubushinwa mu gushushanya ibikoresho by’ibanze.
Kumisha ntibikimara iminsi 50
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, imodoka zari zigikorwa hakoreshejwe amarangi karemano nk'amavuta y'imbuto z'umuhondo nk'igikoresho cyo gufunga.
Ndetse na Ford, ari nayo yatangije igikorwa cyo gukora imodoka, yakoresheje irangi ry'umukara ryo mu Buyapani hafi cyane kugira ngo yihutishe mu gukora kuko rihita ryuma, ariko nyuma ya byose, riracyari irangi karemano, kandi urwego rw'irangi ruracyakeneye icyumweru kirenga kugira ngo rumye.
Mu myaka ya 1920, DuPont yakoraga ku irangi rya nitrocellulose ryumuka vuba (rizwi nka nitrocellulose) ryatumaga abakora imodoka bamwenyura, batagikeneye gukora ku modoka zifite amarangi maremare.
Mu 1921, DuPont yari isanzwe ari umuyobozi mu gukora filime z’amashusho ya nitrati, kuko yahinduye ibintu bidaturika bishingiye kuri nitrocellulose kugira ngo yinjize ibikoresho byinshi yari yubatse mu gihe cy’intambara. Ku gicamunsi cyo ku wa Gatanu gishyushye muri Nyakanga 1921, umukozi wo mu ruganda rwa filime rwa DuPont yasize ifu y’ipamba rya nitrati ku cyambu mbere yo kuva ku kazi. Ubwo yongeraga kuyifungura kuwa Mbere mu gitondo, yasanze indobo yari yahindutse amazi asobanutse neza, yaza kuba ishingiro ry’irangi rya nitrocellulose. Mu 1924, DuPont yavumbuye irangi rya DUCO nitrocellulose, ikoresha nitrocellulose nk’ibikoresho by’ingenzi kandi yongeramo resins za sintetike, plasticizers, solvents na thinners kugira ngo ivange. Akamaro gakomeye k’irangi rya nitrocellulose ni uko rikuma vuba, ugereranije n’irangi karemano rifata icyumweru cyangwa ibyumweru kugira ngo rima, irangi rya nitrocellulose rifata amasaha 2 gusa kugira ngo rima, byongera cyane umuvuduko wo gusiga irangi. Mu 1924, hafi ya yose ya General Motors yakoresheje irangi rya Duco nitrocellulose.
Birumvikana ko irangi rya nitrocellulose rifite ingorane zaryo. Iyo rikoreshejwe ahantu hashyushye, firime ihinduka umweru byoroshye kandi igatakaza ubwiza bwayo. Ubuso bw'irangi bwakozwe ntibugira ubwiyongere bukabije ku bintu biva muri peteroli, nka lisansi, bishobora kwangiza ubuso bw'irangi, kandi umwuka wa peteroli uva mu gihe cyo kongeramo lisansi ushobora kwihutisha kwangirika k'ubuso bw'irangi bukikije.
Gusimbuza uburoso n'imbunda zitera imiti kugira ngo hakosorwe irangi ritaringaniye
Uretse imiterere y'irangi ubwaryo, uburyo bwo gusiga amarangi nabwo ni ingenzi cyane ku gukomera no kuramba kw'ubuso bw'irangi. Gukoresha imbunda zitera amarangi byari intambwe ikomeye mu mateka y'ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga amarangi. Imbunda zitera amarangi zashyizwe mu rwego rw'inganda mu 1923 no mu nganda z'imodoka mu 1924.
Umuryango wa DeVilbiss washinze DeVilbiss, ikigo kizwi cyane ku isi cyihariye mu ikoranabuhanga rya atomize. Nyuma, umuhungu wa Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, yaravutse. Umuhungu wa Dr. Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, yafashe ubuvumbuzi bwa se burenga urwego rw'ubuvuzi. DeVilbiss yafashe ubuvumbuzi bwa se burenga urwego rw'ubuvuzi maze ahindura atomizer ya mbere mo imbunda yo gusiga amarangi.
Mu rwego rwo gusiga amarangi mu nganda, uburoso burimo gusaza vuba bitewe n’imbunda zikoresha imiti. DeVilbiss amaze imyaka irenga 100 akora mu bijyanye no gusiga atomization, ubu ni we uyoboye mu bijyanye n’imbunda zikoresha imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda n’ikoreshwa mu buvuzi.
Kuva kuri alkyd kugeza kuri acrylic, biramba kandi bikomeye kurushaho
Mu myaka ya 1930, irangi rya alkyd resin enamel, ryitwa alkyd enamel, ryashyizwe mu gikorwa cyo gusiga amarangi mu modoka. Ibice by'icyuma by'umubiri w'imodoka byasukwaga ubwoko bw'irangi hanyuma bikamishwa mu ifuru kugira ngo bikore irangi riramba cyane. Ugereranyije n'irangi rya nitrocellulose, irangi rya alkyd enamel rihita rishyirwamo, risaba intambwe 2 kugeza kuri 3 gusa ugereranyije n'intambwe 3 kugeza kuri 4 ku marangi ya nitrocellulose. Amarangi ya enamel ntabwo yumuka vuba gusa, ahubwo anarwanya ibintu bishongesha nk'amavuta.
Icyakora, ikibazo cy’ingufu za alkyd enamel ni uko zitinya izuba, kandi mu zuba icyuma cy’irangi kizashyirwamo ogisijeni ku muvuduko wihuta kandi ibara rizahita rishira kandi rigahinduka nk’iry’ibara rito, rimwe na rimwe iki gikorwa gishobora no kuba mu mezi make gusa. Nubwo hari ingaruka mbi, alkyd resins ntirakurwaho burundu kandi ziracyari igice cy’ingenzi cy’ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga amarangi muri iki gihe. Amarangi ya acrylic ya thermoplastic yagaragaye mu myaka ya 1940, yongera cyane imitako no kuramba kw’irangi, maze mu 1955, General Motors itangira gusiga amarangi imodoka hakoreshejwe acrylic resins nshya. Uburyo iri rangi ryakoreshejwemo bwari bwihariye kandi bwasabaga gusukwa ku gipimo gito cy’ibintu bikomeye, bityo bigasaba amabara menshi. Iki kintu cyasaga n’aho ari kibi cyari akarusho icyo gihe kuko cyatumaga habaho gushyiramo uduce tw’icyuma mu gipfundikizo. Varnish ya acrylic yasizweho ubukana buke cyane, bituma uduce tw’icyuma duhinduka urwego rugaragaza urumuri, hanyuma ubukana bwiyongera vuba kugira ngo uduce tw’icyuma dukomeze. Bityo, irangi ry’icyuma ryaravutse.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko iki gihe cyabonye iterambere ritunguranye mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga amarangi ya acrylic mu Burayi. Ibi byaturutse ku mategeko yashyizweho ku bihugu by’i Burayi nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, yabuzaga ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya chimique mu nganda, nka nitrocellulose, ibikoresho fatizo bikenewe mu gusiga amarangi ya nitrocellulose, yashoboraga gukoreshwa mu gukora ibisasu. Hamwe n’iri tegeko, amasosiyete yo muri ibi bihugu yatangiye kwibanda ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga amarangi ya enamel, ateza imbere sisitemu yo gusiga amarangi ya acrylic urethane. Ubwo amarangi y’i Burayi yinjiraga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1980, sisitemu zo gusiga amarangi y’imodoka zo muri Amerika zari kure y’izo mu Burayi.
Uburyo bwikora bwo gukoresha fosfati na electrophoresis kugira ngo haboneke irangi ryiza cyane
Imyaka makumyabiri nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yari igihe cyo kongera ireme ry'imyambaro yo kwambara ku mubiri. Muri iki gihe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, uretse gutwara abantu, imodoka zari zifite umwihariko wo kunoza imibereho y'abantu, bityo ba nyir'imodoka bifuzaga ko imodoka zabo zisa neza cyane, ibyo bikaba byarasabaga ko irangi risa neza kandi rifite amabara meza.
Guhera mu 1947, amasosiyete y’imodoka yatangiye gukoresha fosfati ku buso bw’icyuma mbere yo gusiga irangi, nk'uburyo bwo kunoza uburyo irangi rifatana n’ubudahangarwa. Nanone, primer yahinduwe kuva kuri spray ijya kuri dip coating, bivuze ko ibice by’umubiri byinjizwa mu kidendezi cy’irangi, bigatuma rirushaho kuba rimwe kandi irangi rikaba ryuzuye, bituma ahantu hagoye kuhagera nko mu myobo hashobora gusigwa irangi.
Mu myaka ya 1950, amasosiyete y’imodoka yasanze nubwo uburyo bwo gusiga irangi mu mazi bwakoreshejwe, igice cy’irangi cyakomezaga gukaraba mu buryo bwakurikiyeho hakoreshejwe imiti isukura, bigabanyije ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ingese. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, mu 1957, Ford yafatanyije na PPG iyobowe na Dr. George Brewer. Iyobowe na Dr. George Brewer, Ford na PPG bashyizeho uburyo bwo gusiga irangi mu mwanya wa electrodeposition bukoreshwa cyane ubu.
Ford yaje gushinga iduka rya mbere ku isi ry’irangi rya anodic electrophoretic mu 1961. Ariko ikoranabuhanga rya mbere ryari ridafite ishingiro, maze PPG ishyiraho sisitemu yo gusiga irangi rya cathodic electrophoretic nziza hamwe n’amabara ajyanye nayo mu 1973.
Irangi riramba neza kugira ngo rigabanye umwanda ku irangi rishingiye ku mazi
Hagati mu myaka ya za 70 kugeza mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70, kumenya kuzigama ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije byatewe n'ikibazo cya peteroli nabyo byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda zikora amarangi. Mu myaka ya za 80, ibihugu byashyizeho amabwiriza mashya y’ibinyabutabire bihindagurika (VOC), byatumye irangi rya acrylic rifite VOC nyinshi kandi ridakomeye ridashobora kwemerwa ku isoko. Byongeye kandi, abaguzi nabo biteze ko ingaruka z’irangi ku mubiri zizamara nibura imyaka 5, ibi bikaba bisaba kwita ku kuramba kw’irangi.
Hamwe n'urwego rwa lacquer rubonerana nk'urwego rurinda, irangi ry'imbere ntirigomba kuba rinini nka mbere, hakenewe gusa urwego ruto cyane mu mirimo yo gushariza. Nanone hongerwaho ibikoresho bigabanya imirasire ya UV ku rundi rwego rwa lacquer kugira ngo birinde ibara riri mu rundi rwego rubonerana n'urutonde rw'imbere, bikongera cyane igihe cyo kubaho kwa primer n'irangi ry'ibara.
Uburyo bwo gusiga amarangi mu ntangiriro burahenze kandi muri rusange bukoreshwa gusa ku bikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Nanone, ibara ry’uruhu rigaragara ryari ribi cyane, kandi ryahitaga ricika bigasaba kongera gusiga amarangi. Ariko, mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho, inganda z’imodoka n’inganda zisiga amarangi zakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo zinoze ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga amarangi, atari ukugabanya ikiguzi gusa ahubwo no guteza imbere uburyo bushya bwo kuvura ubuso bwazamuye cyane ubuzima bwa ibara ry’uruhu rigaragara.
Ikoranabuhanga ritangaje ryo gushushanya rigenda rirushaho kuba ryiza
Iterambere ry’igihe kizaza rijyanye n’iterambere ry’ibishushanyo mbonera, bamwe mu bantu bo mu nganda bizera ko ikoranabuhanga ritarimo gusiga amarangi. Iri koranabuhanga ryinjiye mu buzima bwacu, kandi ibikoresho byo mu rugo bya buri munsi byakoresheje ikoranabuhanga ritarimo gusiga amarangi. Ibikoresho byongera ibara rijyanye n’ifu y’icyuma yo mu rwego rwa nano mu buryo bwo gushushanya, bigatera ibikoresho amabara meza n’imiterere y’icyuma, bitagikeneye gusigwa irangi na gato, bigabanya cyane umwanda uterwa no gusiga amarangi. Birumvikana ko ikoreshwa cyane mu modoka, nko mu dupira, grille, rearview mirror shells, nibindi.
Ihame nk'iryo rikoreshwa mu rwego rw'ibyuma, bivuze ko mu gihe kizaza, ibikoresho by'ibyuma bikoreshwa hatabayeho gusiga amarangi bizaba bifite urwego rwo kubirinda cyangwa ndetse n'urwego rw'amabara ku ruganda. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa mu nzego z'indege n'iza gisirikare, ariko buracyari kure cyane ku buryo bukoreshwa n'abasivili, kandi ntibishoboka gutanga amabara menshi.
Incamake: Kuva ku maburashi kugeza ku mbunda kugeza kuri robots, kuva ku marangi y’ibimera karemano kugeza ku marangi y’ubutabire agezweho, kuva ku guharanira imikorere myiza kugeza ku guharanira ireme kugeza ku kubungabunga ibidukikije, guharanira ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga amarangi mu nganda z’imodoka ntibyigeze bihagarara, kandi urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga rurimo kwiyongera cyane. Abashushanyaga bahoze bafata amaburashi no gukorera mu bidukikije bibi ntibari kwitega ko amarangi y’imodoka yo muri iki gihe yateye imbere cyane kandi aracyari gutera imbere. Ejo hazaza hazaba igihe cyiza, cy’ubwenge kandi gitanga umusaruro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-20-2022
